Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management: A Framework for Sustainable Ocean Economy Development

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Executive summary	9
1. Introduction	10
1.1. About this report	10
1.2. Why is a better approach to ocean management needed?	10
1.2.1. The state of the global ocean environment	10
1.2.2. Shortcomings in the status quo of ocean management	12
2. Where to? A vision for a sustainable ocean economy	14
2.1. About this section	14
2.2. The ocean economy	14
2.3. The Sustainable Development Goals and a sustainable ocean economy	14
2.4. From blue growth to the blue doughnut	16
3. What is Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management?	20
3.1. About this section	20
3.2. The ecosystem approach and ecosystem-based management	20
3.3. Related ocean management concepts	22
3.3.1. Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)	22
3.3.2. Marine protected area networks	22
3.3.3. Marine spatial planning	23
3.3.4. Integrated coastal zone management	24
3.4. A closer look at integration	24
3.4.1. The five categories of integration in Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management	24
3.4.2. Governance integration	24
3.4.3. Stakeholder integration	26
3.4.4. Knowledge integration	29
3.4.5. Transboundary integration	30
3.4.6. Integration of system dynamics	30
4. How is Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management implemented?	32
4.1. About this section	32
4.2. The adaptive management cycle	32
4.2.1. Overview	32
4.2.2. Pre-planning and cross-cutting elements	32
4.2.3. Assessment of the status quo	34
4.2.4. Management plan development	35
4.2.5. Implementation and enforcement	35
4.2.6. Monitoring and evaluation	35
4.2.7. Enabling conditions	35
4.2.8. How to use adaptive management frameworks	36
4.3. Tools	36
4.3.2. Types of tools for Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management	36
4.3.2. Decision support tools	37
4.3.3. Tools for analysing and modelling conflicts and interactions	38
4.3.4. Tools for governance analysis	39
4.3.5. Ecosystem services valuation	40
5. Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management in practice	42
5.1. Addressing challenges	42
5.2. Successes	42
5.2.1. Case studies	42
5.2.2. Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, Belize	43
5.2.3. Barents Sea Integrated Ocean Management Plan, Norway	43
5.2.4. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Zoning Plan, Australia	44
5.2.5. Gulf of Maine Council, Canada and USA	45
5.2.6. Management of the Benguela Current Marine Ecoregion, Angola, Namibia, and South Africa	46
6. Conclusion	48
References	49

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