Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management: A Framework for Sustainable Ocean Economy Development
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Table of contents
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Executive summary
1
1. Introduction
2
1.1. About this report
2
1.2. Why is a better approach to ocean management needed?
2
1.2.1. The state of the global ocean environment
2
1.2.2. Shortcomings in the status quo of ocean management
4
2. Where to? A vision for a sustainable ocean economy
6
2.1. About this section
6
2.2. The ocean economy
6
2.3. The Sustainable Development Goals and a sustainable ocean economy
6
2.4. From blue growth to the blue doughnut
8
3. What is Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management?
12
3.1. About this section
12
3.2. The ecosystem approach and ecosystem-based management
12
3.3. Related ocean management concepts
14
3.3.1. Ecologically or Biologically Significant Marine Areas (EBSAs)
14
3.3.2. Marine protected area networks
14
3.3.3. Marine spatial planning
15
3.3.4. Integrated coastal zone management
16
3.4. A closer look at integration
16
3.4.1. The five categories of integration in Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management
16
3.4.2. Governance integration
16
3.4.3. Stakeholder integration
18
3.4.4. Knowledge integration
21
3.4.5. Transboundary integration
22
3.4.6. Integration of system dynamics
22
4. How is Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management implemented?
24
4.1. About this section
24
4.2. The adaptive management cycle
24
4.2.1. Overview
24
4.2.2. Pre-planning and cross-cutting elements
24
4.2.3. Assessment of the status quo
26
4.2.4. Management plan development
27
4.2.5. Implementation and enforcement
27
4.2.6. Monitoring and evaluation
27
4.2.7. Enabling conditions
27
4.2.8. How to use adaptive management frameworks
28
4.3. Tools
28
4.3.2. Types of tools for Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management
28
4.3.2. Decision support tools
29
4.3.3. Tools for analysing and modelling conflicts and interactions
30
4.3.4. Tools for governance analysis
31
4.3.5. Ecosystem services valuation
32
5. Ecosystem-Based Integrated Ocean Management in practice
34
5.1. Addressing challenges
34
5.2. Successes.
34
5.2.1. Case studies
34
5.2.2. Belize Integrated Coastal Zone Management Plan, Belize
35
5.2.3. Barents Sea Integrated Ocean Management Plan, Norway
35
5.2.4. Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Zoning Plan, Australia
36
5.2.5. Gulf of Maine Council, Canada and USA
37
5.2.6. Management of the Benguela Current Marine Ecoregion, Angola, Namibia, and South Africa
38
6. Conclusion
40
References
41
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