Deep Sea Minerals - Vol 3 - Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts

DEEP SEA MINERALS

1C

Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts A physical, biological, environmental, and technical review

CONTENTS 1.0 The Geology of Cobalt–rich Ferromanganese Crusts 1.1 The formation and occurrence of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts 1.2 Metal concentrations and tonnages 2.0 Biology Associated with Cobalt-rich Ferromanganese Crusts 2.1 Habitats and biodiversity associated with cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts 2.2 Composition of communities 3.0 Environmental Management Considerations 3.1 Environmental management objectives 3.2 General environmental management approaches and principles 3.3 Environmental studies 3.4 Defining characteristics of biodiversity of cobalt-rich ferromanganese crusts 3.5 Environmental impacts 3.6 The potential extent of impacts 3.7 Mitigation and management measures 4.0 Processes related to the technical development of marine mining 4.1 Exploration 4.2 Mining

7 8 11 15 16 19 23 25 26 29 31 32 35 36 41 43 45

COBALT-RICH FERROMANGANESE CRUSTS 3