Dead planet, living planet

CASE STUDY #23

Mekong Delta mangrove forest restoration

mangrove forest in the Mekong Delta completely destroyed by the US Air Forces in the 1970’s (above) and subsequently restored by the Vietnamese government. Black and white insert: “Results of Defoliation Operation”, illustration from ‘Vietnam Studies: Tactial and Material Innovations’, by Lieutenant General John H. Hay, Jr.; www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/Vietnam/tactical. Colour im- age: Professor Nguyen Homg, Universidad de Hanoi, Vietnam.

Large-scale restoration of mangrove forests are feasible and affordable. The largest mangrove restoration was that of the

The costs to successfully restore both the vegetative cover and ecological functions of a mangrove forest have been reported to range from USD 225/ha to USD 216,000/ha (Lewis, 2001). Mangrove restoration projects have been classified into three categories (Lewis, 2001; 2005): (1) planting alone, (2) hydro- logic restoration, with and without planting, and (3) excavation or fill, with and without planting. The first type, planting only, although inexpensive (e.g.: USD 100–200/ha) usually does not succeed due to a failure to appreciate the physiological tol- erances of mangroves to tidal inundation. The second type,

hydrologic restoration, can be done for similar costs, and with proper planning has a high success rate. Successful restora- tion of abandoned shrimp aquaculture ponds is an example of this method. Planting should only be done if natural recolo- nization fails, and can double the cost of a project. Scientific data indicates that using this method, ecological functions are quickly restored, with fish populations typically reaching refer- ence site diversity and densities within 5 years. The third type, excavation and fill, is the most expensive due to the high costs of large scale earthmoving.

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