DEEP SEA MINERALS - Vol 1 - Sea-Floor Massive Sulphides

A Centre Collaborating with UNEP

Steering Committee Akuila Tawake (Chair) Secretariat of the Pacific Community/SOPACDivision Charles Roche Mineral Policy Institute Elaine Baker GRID-Arendal at the University of Sydney Yannick Beaudoin GRID-Arendal Malcolm R. Clark National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) Daniel Dumas Commonwealth Secretariat Chuck Fisher Penn State University James R. Hein United States Geological Survey (USGS) Robert Heydon Offshore Council Harry Kore Government of Papua New Guinea Hannah Lily Secretariat of the Pacific Community/SOPAC Division

Reviewers Peter Crowhurst Nautilus Minerals Inc. John Feenan IHC Mining Hiroshi Kitazato Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) Gavin Mudd Monash University Christian Neumann GRID Arendal Andrew Thaler Duke University Cornel de Ronde Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences Phil Symonds Geoscience Australia David Cronan Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London Steve Scott University of Toronto

Michael Lodge International Seabed Authority Linwood Pendleton Duke University, NOAA Sven Petersen IFM-GEOMAR

Cartography Kristina Thygesen GRID Arendal Riccardo Pravettoni GRID Arendal

Julian Roberts Commonwealth Secretariat Samantha Smith Nautilus Minerals Inc. Anne Solgaard GRID-Arendal Jan Steffen IUCN Arthur Webb Secretariat of the Pacific Community/SOPAC Division

Front Cover Alex Mathers

Technical Editors Claire Eamer Patrick Daley

Editors Elaine Baker and Yannick Beaudoin

Production GRID-Arendal

Authors Malcolm R. Clark National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) Daniel Desbruyères IFREMER Chuck Fisher Penn State University Robert Heydon Offshore Council James R. Hein United States Geological Survey (USGS) Sven Petersen IFM-GEOMAR Ashley Rowden National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd (NIWA) Samantha Smith Nautilus Minerals Inc. Elaine Baker GRID Arendal at the University of Sydney Yannick Beaudoin GRID Arendal

Acknowledgments Special thanks to Akuila Tawake and Hannah Lily from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community/SOPAC Division and Peter Harris from Geoscience Australia for final reviews of chapters. Citation Secretariat of the Pacific Community (2103) Deep Sea Minerals: Sea Floor Massive Sulphides, a physical, biological, environmental, and technical review . Vol. 1A, SPC

THE GEOLOGY OF SEA-FLOOR MASSIVE SULPHIDES 2