Combating Poaching and Illegal Logging in Tanzania: Voices of the Rangers-Hands-on Experiences from the Field

NOTES

1. INTERPOL and UNEP. The Environmental Crime Crisis. A Rapid Response Assessment, Christian Nellemann ed. Nairobi and Arendal: GRID-Arendal and UNEP, 2014: 7. 2. Ibid., 11. 3. UNEP, CITES, IUCN and TRAFFIC. Elephants in the Dust: The African Elephant Crisis. A Rapid Response Assessment, Christian Nellemann ed. Norway: GRID-Arendal and UNEP, 2013. 4. INTERPOL and UNEP. The Environmental Crime Crisis. A Rapid Response Assessment, Christian Nellemann ed. Nairobi and Arendal: GRID-Arendal and UNEP, 2014: 7. 5. Christian Nellemann, Jack Kearney and Stig Nårstad. Sign and the Art of Tracking: A Guide to Support Law Enforcement Tracking and Anti- Poaching Operations. Norway: INTERPOL and UNEP/GRID-Arendal, 2011. 6. Scott-Donelan, David. Tactical Tracking Operations: The Essential Guide for Military and Police Trackers. United States of America: Paladin Press, 1998. 7. The World Bank, Population growth (annual %). Data current as of 2014. Available fromhttp://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP. GROW/countries/TZ?display=graph 8. Oliver Milman. Ranger Corruption ‘Impeding Global Fight against Poaching’. The Guardian, 27 March 2013. 9. Interviews with Anti-Poaching Unit rangers in the Lake Zone, November 2015. 10. Simon Tomlinson. A Savage End for the Elephants Killed by Men Who Were Supposed to Protect Them: Slaughtered Beasts’ Remains Lie Scattered after Rangers Poisoned Them in Pay Dispute. Daily Mail, 29 October 2015. 11. United Republic of Tanzania. Wildlife Conservation Act. 2009. Section 18/2. 12. APU Senior Ranger, Lake Zone, November 2015. 13. Department: Environmental Affairs. Republic of South Africa. Written question number 1441 to the Minister of Water and Environmental Affairs, RSA. 1 June 2012. Available at https://www.environment. gov.za/sites/default/files/question1441_employed_park_rangers_ kruger_national_park.pdf 14. INTERPOL and UNEP. The Environmental Crime Crisis. A Rapid Response Assessment, Christian Nellemann ed. Nairobi and Arendal: GRID-Arendal and UNEP, 2014: 19. 15. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Global Forest Resources Assessment 2015. Rome, 2015. Available from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4808e.pdf. 16. Kizito Makoye. Armed Illegal Loggers Devastate Tanzania’s Coastal Forest. Reuters, UK, 13 January 2015. http://uk.reuters.com/article/ us-tanzania-logging-idUKKBN0KM00720150113. 17. FAO’s production figure for Africa in 2014 is 32.4 million tons. Price per ton ranges from USD 300 to USD 800. See INTERPOL and UNEP. The Environmental Crime Crisis. A Rapid Response Assessment, Christian Nellemann ed. Nairobi and Arendal: GRID-Arendal and UNEP, 2014. 18. Ibid., 69-70. 19. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). Development Aid at a Glance. Statistics by Region: 2. Africa, 2015 Edition. Available fromhttp://www.oecd.org/dac/stats/ documentupload/2 Africa - Development Aid at a Glance 2015.pdf. 20. Trading Economics. Tanzania GDP Annual Growth Rate 2002–2015. http://www.tradingeconomics.com/tanzania/gdp-growth-annual. 21. Transparency International. Corruption by Country/Territory. http:// www.transparency.org/country - TZA.

22. “Transnational Organized Crime in Eastern Africa: A Threat Assessment,” 4-5. 23. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook, Urbanization. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ fields/2212.html 24. The World Bank. Enabling Reforms: A Stakeholder-Based Analysis of the Political Economy of Tanzania’s Charcoal Sector and the Poverty and Social Impacts of Proposed Reforms. Washington, D.C., 2010. 25. United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD Programme). Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda Unite Efforts to Combat Illegal Timber Trade in East Africa with Support from Norway, UN and INTERPOL. July 2014. http://un-redd. org/Newsletter2014Issue3/EAIllegalTimberTrade/tabid/133455/ Default.aspx. 26. TRAFFIC. Zanzibar Declaration on Illegal Trade in Timber and Forest Products. Durban, South Africa, 9 September 2015. Available fromhttp://static1.1.sqspcdn.com/ static/f/157301/26526369/1441873129083/Zanzibar-Declaration. pdf?token=A5U7X2Kyo4wkSwbFbyN5TmgubIw%3D. 27. Kizito Makoye. Armed Illegal Loggers Devastate Tanzania’s Coastal Forest. Reuters, UK, 13 January 2015. http://uk.reuters.com/article/ us-tanzania-logging-idUKKBN0KM00720150113. 28. Ibid. 29. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism: Forestry and Beekeeping Division, and Indufor Forest Intelligence. Timber Market Dynamics in Tanzania and in Key Export Markets: Market Study. Dar es Salaam, 2011: 4. 30. Mwampamba, Heita Tuyeni. Has the Woodfuel Crisis Returned? Urban Charcoal Consumption in Tanzania and its Implications to Present and Future Forest Availability. Energy Policy, vol. 35 (2007): 4221-22, 31-33. 31. UN FAOSTAT: http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/F/*/E 32. Used by UN FAOSTAT: Tanzania exported 45 tons at a value of USD 9,000 in 2012. 33. This is based on the maximum value in the range of 300-800 used in INTERPOL and UNEP. The Environmental Crime Crisis. A Rapid Response Assessment, Christian Nellemann ed. Nairobi and Arendal: GRID-Arendal and UNEP, 2014: 70. 34. Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Analysis of the Charcoal Value Chain in Kenya: Final Report. 2013: xii. 35. UN FAOSTAT: http://faostat3.fao.org/browse/F/*/E FAOSTAT operates with a price of USD 200/ton. 36. Ministry of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Analysis of the Charcoal Value Chain in Kenya: Final Report. 2013: 23. 37. Ibid., 65. 38. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). The World Factbook, Urbanization. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/ fields/2212.html See also UN Population Division numbers. 39. The World Bank, Environment and Natural Resources Unit. Environmental Crisis or Sustainable Development Opportunity? Transforming the Charcoal Sector in Tanzania. A Policy Note. Christian Peter ed. 2009:vi. 40. Patrick Kambewa, Bennet Mataya, Killy Sichinga and Todd Johnson. Charcoal, the Reality: A Study of Charcoal Consumption, Trade and Production in Malawi. Small and Medium Forestry Enterprise Series No 21. London, UK: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2007: 4 and Ministry of Energy, Kenya. Study on Kenya’s Energy Demand, Supply and Policy Strategy for Households, Small Scale Industries, and Service Establishments: Final Report for

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