Caspian Sea: State of the Environment 2019

The goal of the Concept for the Long-Term So- cioeconomic Development of the Russian Feder- ation to 2020 is to ensure a sustainable improve- ment in the well-being of Russian citizens and rapid economic development over the long term. The concept was approved by a decree issued by the Government of the Russian Federation on 17 November 2008 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation 2008). The following federal and regional strategic documents define the national policy of the Russian Federation in the field of environmen- tal protection: • Socioeconomic Development Strategy of the Southern Federal District to 2020 (Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 5 September 2011) • Socioeconomic Development Strategy of As- trakhan Oblast to 2020 (approved by a Res- olution of the Government of Astrakhan Oblast, 2010) • Socioeconomic Development Strategy of the North Caucasus Federal District to 2025 (Or- der of the Government of the Russian Federa- tion dated 6 September 2010) • Socioeconomic Development Strategy of the Republic of Dagestan to 2025 (Law of the Re- public of Dagestan dated 15 July 2011) • Socioeconomic Development Strategy of the Republic of Kalmykia to 2020 (Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kalmykia, 2008) The following strategic documents also hold par- ticular significance for the Caspian region of the Russian Federation: • Water Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020 (2009) • Energy Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020 (2003) • Climate Doctrine of the Russian Federation (2009) • Concept for the Development of Specially Protected Areas to 2020 (2011) • Strategy for the Conservation of Rare and En- dangered Animal, Plant and Fungi Species in the Russian Federation to 2030 (2014) The main goal of the Russian Federation En- vironmental Protection 2012–2020 State Pro-

average annual investment growth rate of 21 per cent and 0.8 per cent annual reduction in unem- ployment. Iran subsequently implemented nu- merous strategies and pieces of legislation cov- ering water resources, the environment, energy, transport, earthquakes, the exploitation of forests and pastureland, tourism and other sectors (Na- tional Contribution). In 2012, the Government of Iran allocated €500 million from the National Development Fund for green energy development (Hosseini et al. 2013). Iran has also announced its INDC, including a 4 per cent unconditional reduction in greenhouse gas emissions below its business as usual scenar- io by 2030 (Mobara 2017). The Government of Kazakhstan devotes signifi- cant attention to environmental protection and sustainable natural resource management. The need to take effective measures in these areas is reflected in several policy documents, including the Strategic Development Plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan until 2020, approved by Presiden- tial Decree No. 922 dated 1 February 2010, the Concept for the Transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to a Green Economy and Decree No. 577 of the President of Kazakhstan dated 30 May 2013. The Strategic Development Plan envisages the implementation of measures to develop the Aktau agglomeration as a regional industrial centre (petrochemical, chemical and metalwork- ing production facilities), and the development of industries to service the oil and gas sector (service and transport facilities) (Republic of Ka- zakhstan 2014-2016). The strategic goal of state policy on environmen- tal development in the Russian Federation is to address socioeconomic issues to ensure the pres- ervation of a favourable environment, biological diversity and natural resources (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 2012). Environmental sustainability in the Russian Fed- eration depends on the state of specific natural resources and on the level and types of human impact on the environment. The main indicator of environmental sustainability is the level of permissible environmental risk (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation 2017).

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