Caspian Sea: State of the Environment 2019

forecasts potential incremental improvements in energy efficiency by the years 2020, 2030 and 2050 (Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy 2017). The con- cept sets out some ambitious goals, including: • Energy sector: increase share of renewable en- ergy to 50 per cent • Energy efficiency: 10 per cent increase by 2015, 25 per cent increase by 2025 (compared with 2008 base year) • Water resources: solve all problems with water supply to households by 2020 and to agricul- ture by 2040 • Waste management: by 2030, ensure that 100 per cent of households are covered by munic- ipal waste services, that 95 per cent of waste is stored in sanitary and safe conditions and that 40 per cent of waste is recycled (50 per cent by 2050) • Air pollution: reduce air pollution to Europe- an levels by 2030 (Green Bridge Partnership Program 2017) Management of environmental activities in the Russian Federation is the responsibility of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment of the Russian Federation, which includes the

oil and gas fields (Financial Tribune 2017). How- ever, the Minister of Petroleum stated in 2016 that, while it may be on the agenda, oil produc- tion in the Caspian Sea is not a priority. The Sixth Five-Year Development Plan of Iran stipulates that the installed capacity of renew- able energy should grow by 5,000 MW by 2018 (Wheeler and Desai 2016). Iran has also an- nounced its intended nationally determined con- tribution (INDC) of a 4 per cent unconditional reduction in greenhouse gas emissions compared with its business as usual scenario by 2030 (Mo- bara 2017). The Paris Agreement was adopted on 12 Decem- ber 2015 at the twenty-first session of the Confer- ence of the Parties to the UNFCCC. Kazakhstan signed the Paris Agreement on 2 August 2016 and ratified it on 6 December 2016 (Nugumano- va et al. 2017). The Concept for the Transition of the Republic of Kazakhstan to a Green Economy was adopted in 2013. The concept sets quantitative targets for water use, air pollution and waste reduction, and

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