Caspian Sea: State of the Environment 2019

CASPIAN SEA STATE OF THE ENVIRONMENT

2019

6. IMPACT 6.1. Impact on human health 6.2. Impact on the economy

83 83 83 83 85 87 89 91 91 92 93 96

Preface Executive summary

5 9

1. INTRODUCTION

13

6.3. Fisheries 6.4. Shipping

2. METHODOLOGY

17

6.5. Ports and harbour infrastructure 6.6. Submarine cables and pipelines

3. DRIVERS 3.1. Socioeconomic situation 3.2. Direct drivers (sectors) 3.3. Indirect drivers

19 19 23 31 37 37 41 43 44 51 52 55 57 59 59 63 68 70 73

7. RESPONSE 7.1. Regional governance 7.2. Bilateral cooperation 7.3. National governance 7.4. Policy and legislation

4. PRESSURES 4.1. Fishing 4.2. Mineral extraction 4.3. Agriculture 4.4. External inputs: discharge and run-off 4.5. Atmospheric emissions

8. MONITORING AND COMPLIANCE

105

9. PARTICIPATION AND OUTREACH

109

10. MEASURES

113

4.6. Solid waste 4.7. Marine litter 4.8. Tourism and recreation

11. CONCLUSION

117

5. STATE 5.1. Changes in bioresources 5.2. Quality of seawater and incoming fresh water 5.3. Air quality 5.4. Sediment quality 5.5. Biodiversity

Notes References

119 120