Caspian Sea: State of the Environment 2019

The national system for monitoring invasive alien species in water bodies now includes 10 perma- nent sites in the Azov, Caspian and Baltic Seas, and in a number of other water bodies along the invasive corridor. Rosnedra monitors the state of subsoils. In ad- dition, monitoring of the state and pollution of the environment as a human habitat on the coast and at sea are carried out by Rospotrebnadzor as part of social and hygienic monitoring, the aims of which include identifying cause-and-effect links between the health of the population and the state of the habitat. Monitoring of the state and pollution of the ma- rine environment in areas of economic activity are carried out by organizations engaged in this activity. This is known as industrial environ- mental monitoring, which, on the one hand, is part of industrial environmental control, a duty of all enterprises that have an adverse impact on the environment, and on the other hand, is part of engineering and environmental surveys and, with respect to individual components of the environment, a local subsystem of state en-

vironmental monitoring. Enterprises engaged in the exploration and development of offshore oil and gas fields in the Russian Federation part of the Caspian Sea, such as LUKOIL-Nizhnevolzhs- kneft, therefore carry out two types of industrial environmental monitoring: 1) background mon- itoring throughout the waters of licensed areas; 2) facility monitoring close to production facili- ties (Monakhov 2012). Roshydromet publishes the outcomes of mon- itoring of the state and pollution of the Caspian Sea, its coastline and the rivers flowing into it in information and analytical materials, including annual surveys of the state and pollution of the environment in the Russian Federation, surveys of the background state of the environment within the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), yearbooks on seawater quality by hydrochemi- cal indicator and yearbooks on the quality of the surface waters of the Russian Federation ((Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmen- tal Monitoring of Russia 2018; Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitor- ing of Russia [Roshydromet] 2017; Russian Fed- eration, State Oceanography Institute 2012–2016).

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