Caspian Sea 2011
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Foreword
6
1. Introduction and objective
7
2. Methodology
9
3. Socio-economic challenges and opportunities
11
4. Pressure
17
4.1. Decline in bioresources
17
4.2. Non living resource extraction
23
4.3. External inputs: run offs
26
4.4. Air emissions
30
4.5. Waste
32
5. State: Changes in environmental quality (natural capital)
40
5.1. State of marine water quality and incoming fresh water
40
5.2. State of air quality
46
5.3. State of sediment quality
47
5.4. State of biodiversity
52
5.5. Climate change
63
6. Impact
71
6.1. Consequences on social and economic sector
71
6.2. Consequences on environmental services and bioresources
75
7. Response
78
7.1. Regional and national governance
78
7.2. Policy and legislation
84
7.3 Monitoring and compliance
89
7.4. Participation and outreach (private sector, and information sharing)
92
Acronyms and abbriviations
96
References
98
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