Balkan Vital Graphics

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BALKAN VITAL GRAPHICS

BACKGROUND

MINING

WATER

NATURE

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conflicts. The Danube was closed to navi- gation for a few years, due to NATO bomb- ing in 1999 which destroyed several bridges preventing river traffic. Today, all the bridges have been rebuilt and navigation has been reopened in the area.

FINLAND

Political and economic alliances Member and observer countries

SWEDEN

BALTICSEA

DENMARK

Vyborg

Helsinki

NORTH SEA

BALTICAND POLANDBYPASS: NORTHERNEUROPEAN GASPIPELINE ANDBALTICOILPIPELINE (BPS)-

of the GUAM: Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan, Moldavia (a pro-western organisation) of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) of the European Union

Primorsk

Tallinn

ESTONIA

Tomsk

LANDS NETHER-

Saint Petersburg

Rostock

Novossibirsk

Riga

RUSSIA

Greifswald

LATVIA

of the Union of Russia and Belarus

Perm

Jaroslavl

Tyumen

GERMANY

Gdansk

of both the SCO and the Union of Russia and Belarus

RUSSIA

LITHUANIA

Berlin

Omsk

Major oil and gas pipeline projects The oil and gas pipeline ‘war’ Major oil and gas fields

Vilnius

GASPIPELINE YAMALEUROPE

Moscow

Kazan

Minsk

Niznij- Novgorod

Warsaw

Prague

Ufa

Existing or under construction and/or renovation

POLAND

BELARUS

Envisaged

Supported by

CZECH REP. .

DRUJBA EXPANSION

Astana

SWITZ.

Samara

China Russia the United States the European Union Iran

Vienna Bratislava

AUSTRIA

Karaganda

Brody

Orenburg

SLOVAKIA

Kiev

Saratov

Budapest

Atassu

Druzh ba

Trieste

Ex-USSR pipeline network Other very important pipelines

SLOVENIA

Alexandrov Gaj

OILPIPELINE ADRIA REVERSAL

HUNGARY

Omisalj

UKRAINE

LAKE BALKHA SH

KAZAKHSTAN

Alashanku

Chisinau MOLDOVA

KAZAKHSTAN-CHINA OILPIPELINE

Chossing a route: geostrategic ‘bypass’ policies

Kuvandyk

CROATIA

GASPIPELINE NABUCCO

RUSSIA

Volgograd

Territory which is largely not under state control and where the security of oil and gas pipelines cannot be guaranteed Territory that players in the Great Game say should be avoided when planning the transport of oil and gas from the point of extraction to the main markets (US, Europe, China and Japan) • The US and European Union are seeking at all costs to establish supply lines across the southern Caucasus, the Black Sea, and Turkey, thus avoiding Russian and Iranian territory (although the Europeans are consider- ing a gas pipeline across the north of Iran). • Russia is trying to control the oil and gas routes across transit countries (Georgia, Ukraine, Belarus, Hungary and Poland). On 12 May 2007 it signed an agreement with Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan to renovate the CAC-4 gas pipeline, thus spoiling competing western plans. It has also just commissioned a gas pipeline allowing it to bypass Chechnya. Finally, Russia could neutralise the Ukraine, Poland and the Baltic states as transit countries by joining in the construction of gas and oil pipelines across the Baltic sea (with direct access to the German market) and from Burgas to Alexandroupoli (avoiding, for historical and ecological reasons, the Bosporus). • Azerbaijan insists on bypassing its neighbour Armenia, with which it is still in conflict.

BOSNIA and HERZEGOVINA

Karakoya Kol

Rostov

Odessa

Aterau

ITALY

Alma-Ata

SERBIA Belgrade

Kherson

Iujny

ROMANIA

TENGIZ

CHINA

CASPIANPIPELINE CONSORTIUM-CPC

KASHA

GAN

TURKMENISTAN-CHINA GASPIPELINE

SEAOF AZOV

Bucharest

KCTS (OILPIPELINETO KURYKTHEN TANKERS)

MONTENEGRO Kosovo

Constanta

Crimea

Bishkek

Krasnodar

OIL

ARAL SEA

Sofia

KYRGYZSTAN

PIPELINE AMBO

BULGARIA

Novorossijsk

CHECHNYABYPASS

Tirana

Burgas

MACEDONIA

Bejneu

TANKERS

Tuapse

Vlorë

Aktau

BAP

Tashkent

ALBANIA

CENTRALASIA– CENTREGAS PIPELINE (CAC-4) WESTERNLEG EASTERNLEG

CASPIAN SEA

Bosphorus

Abkhazia

UZBEKISTAN

Kuryk

BLACKSEA

Chechnya

Alexandroupolis

GEORGIA

A number of oil pipelines are currently under study or construction in the Balkans: the US registered Albanian-Macedonian-Bulgarian Oil Corporation (AMBO) project will carry oil from the Caspian to the Mediterranean, via Bulgaria, Macedonia and Albania; the Adria Group project will channel Russian oil to the Omisalj terminal on the Croatian coast. The presence of President Putin, of Russia, at Southeast Europe’s first energy summit in Zagreb in June 2007, emphasised the re- gion’s strategic importance to his country. It should be borne in mind that many Balkan countries suffer a serious energy deficit, fur- ther aggravated by the closure of four out of six units of the nuclear power plant at Ko- zloduy, Bulgaria, by 2006.

Istanbul

GASPIPELINE BLUESTREAM

GREECE

Tbilisi

Supsa

KCTS

TANKERS

TCGP

TAJIKISTAN

Ankara

AEGEAN

OILPIPELINEBTC

Dushanbe

Erevan ARMENIA

Turkmenbashi

AZERBAIJAN

Athens

Bakou

Baku

TURKMENISTAN

Erzurum

GASPIPELINE BTE

TURKEY

Nakhitchevan (Azer.)

MEDITERRANEAN

Ashkhabad

GUNESHLI CHIRAG AZERI

TRANSCASPIAN CORRIDOR

Tabriz

Ceyhan

Kabul

Islamabad

Neka

Meshed

AFGHANISTAN

Herat

CYPRUS

Tehran

Sources:Kazinform;WorldPressReview;Pravda;RiaNovosti;Agence France-Presse (AFP);UnitedStatesDepartmentofEnergy (USDOE),Energy InformationAdministration (EIA);RadioFreeEurope -RadioLiberty (RFE-RL); AsianDevelopmentBank;Eurasianet; InterstateOilandGasTransport to Europe (Inogate);TransportCorridorEurope-Caucasus (Traceca),European Union,Tacisprogramme,2005;EnergyMapof theMiddleEastandCaspianSea Areas,PetroleumEconomist,London,2006; InternationalEnergyAgency (IEA); JeanRadvanyiandNicolasBeroushashvili, ‘Atlas’, Institutnationaldes langues etcivilisationsduCaucasusorientales (Inalco), tobepublishedat theendof 2007;SaltanatBerdikeevaandErinMark, ‘Russianenergypolitics’,Eurasia21, 2006;Nabucco,Energyministersconference ‘Securityofgas supplies inEurope’, Vienna, June2006

SYRIA

GASPIPELINETAPI

LEBANON

Baghdad

IRAN

New Delhi

PAKISTAN

ISRAEL

Isfahan

IRAQ

PALESTINE

INDIA

Kerman

JORDAN

SAUDI ARABIA

ÉGYPTE

LIBYE

Abadan

Shiraz

GASPIPELINE IPI

KUWAIT

NB:TheCaspianPipelineConsortium (CPC) is supportedbyRussiabuthasa numberofUS,OmaniandKazakh shareholders

MAP BY PHILIPPE REKACEWICZ, 2007