The Arctic Environment Times
August 2002 - THE ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT TIMES 9
Climate change adaptation in the Lena Basin
UNEP/GEO-3: THE WORLD’S FUTURE WATER POND
reduced in the southern portions of their range and may even become locally extinct” (Dr. Ian Stirling, Polar bear scientist). The local and indigenous peoples of the Arctic are dependent upon a healthy and well-functioning ecosys- tem for survival – both physically, as much of their nutrition is derived locally from harvesting of natural resources; and culturally, as the tra- ditions tied to living in a land that is frozen most of the year define their way of life. Any development that is to be culturally and ecologically sus- tainable in the Arctic is dependent upon maintaining a healthy ecosys- tem. Large carnivores are sensitive indica- tors of ecosystem health and can be used to define the minimum area necessary to preserve intact ecosys- tems. WWF has identified the polar bear as a unique symbol of the com- plexities and inter-dependencies of the arctic marine ecosystem as it works toward its goal of preserving biodiversity for future generations. continued from page 8•••
The sources of global freshwater are steadily declining and with increasing demands from the south the Arctic could become the world’s future supplier of freshwater to countries in the south. Freshwater as a saleable commodi- ty might be the future, though so far this idea has been met with strong opposition. This is what the recently released United Nations Environment programme (UNEP)'s Global Environment Outlook report, the GEO- 3, states about Arctic freshwater. Ice dominates parts of the Arctic and holds much of the world’s freshwater in frozen state. For example, the ice pack of the Arctic Ocean is 8 million square kilometres and the Greenland Ice Pack covers 1.7 million square kilometres and stores 10 per cent of global freshwater only second in size to the Antarctic ice cap. Fresh water is also stored in icebergs, which break off from glaciers and are released into open water, and in the Arctic permafrost. Permafrost is permanently frozen ground that extends throughout most of the Arctic. The Arctic’s major river systems are equally important sources of freshwater. The Arctic has several of the world’s largest rivers; seven
of these are in Russia with the Lena, the Yenisey and the Ob being the largest. They pour 4,200 cubic kilometres of freshwater into the Arctic Ocean annually. Since for most of the year the Arctic is in its frozen state, the massive spring outpouring of melting freshwater occurs in a short spurt of a few weeks. Melting snow also contributes to spring run-off. An increase in the flow of freshwater to the surface layer of the Arctic Ocean affects its salinity, and the currents, which in turn will affect the northern hemi- spheres and global climate. Changes in cli- mate may interfere with the formation of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) and the northward-flowing Gulf Stream. Some scien- tists believe that this may potentially stop altogether with subsequent dire consequences for Europe’s climate. Arctic countries have partially responded to threats to their freshwater systems by estab- lishing protected areas. Nearly half the pro- tected area in the Arctic is the Greenland ice cap and glaciers, which store freshwater. For further reading: GEO-3: http://www.grida.no/geo3 PAME (2001) http://pame.arctic-council.org
T he Lena is one of the world’s 10 largest rivers. Due to climate change, floods have become very severe in the Lena and its tributaries. In the last five years, there have been two floods of extreme severity, surpassing all floods of this river since records began. Sixty-two towns and villages were badly affected by flooding in 2001 and Lensk town was completely flooded. The direct eco- nomic loss was 250 million US dollar. In order to raise awareness of climate change considerations in water management and policy decision-making, the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme of the Arctic Council has initiated, within the framework of the Global Dialogue of Water and Climate, the project "Dialogue on Climate Change Adaptation Strategy in Water Management and Flood Preparedness at the Lena Basin". The Lena Basin Dialogue aims to establish a background to sustainable and cli- mate change sound water management in the Lena basin.
Stefan Norris WWF Arctic Programme www.ngo.grida.no/wwfap
Vitaly Kimstach AMAP Secretariat www.amap.no
SHELF PROCESSES INVOLVES TRANSPORT OF CONTAMINANTS AND SEA ICE
Atmospheric transport
G A S
E X C H A N G E
Sea birds
Deposition
Deposition
Volatilization
Volatilization
Depth (m)
Polar bear
0 10 20 30 40
Flocculation
Rivers
Ice melt
Turbid plume
Seals
Plankton
Particles from melting ice
Biogenic particules
Bottom resuspension by waves
Salt wedge
Arctic cod
Walrus
Narwhal and Beluga
Upwelling
50
60
70
80
90 100
Spring / summer
Particle deposition
G A S
E X C H A N G E
Depth (m)
Rivers
L a n d f a s t i c e
0 10 20 30 40
Anchor ice
Shear zone
B r i n e d r a i n a g e
Polar mixed layer
Suspension freezing
Strong stratification
Ice scour zone
50
60
70
80
90 100
Winter
AMAP, UNEP/GRID-Arendal, Philippe Rekacewicz, 1997
Made with FlippingBook Learn more on our blog