Arctic Biodiversity Trends 2010

Biodiversity Arctic Trends 2010 Selected indicators of change

Project Coordinator Tom Barry

Editors Tiina Kurvits Björn Alfthan Elisabeth Mork

Graphics Hugo Ahlenius

Layout UNEP/GRID-Arendal

Contents

Introduction

8 12 15 17

Introduction Key findings Emerging issues and challenges Indicators at a glance

INDICATOR #01 INDICATOR #02 INDICATOR #03 INDICATOR #04 INDICATOR #05 INDICATOR #06 INDICATOR #07 INDICATOR #08 INDICATOR #09 INDICATOR #10 INDICATOR #11 INDICATOR #12 INDICATOR #13 INDICATOR #14 INDICATOR #15 INDICATOR #16 INDICATOR #17 Species

26 29 32 35 38 41 45 49 53 58 62 65 68 71 75 78 81

Polar bears Wild reindeer and caribou Shorebirds – red knot Seabirds – murres (guillemots) Seabirds – common eiders Arctic char Invasive species (human-induced) The Arctic Species Trend Index Arctic genetic diversity

Ecosystems

Arctic sea-ice ecosystem Greening of the Arctic Reproductive phenology in terrestrial ecosystems Appearing and disappearing lakes in the Arctic and their impacts on biodiversity Arctic peatlands Effects of decreased freshwater ice cover duration on biodiversity Changing distribution of marine fish Impacts of human activities on benthic habitat

Ecosystem services

86 89 92 96 99

Reindeer herding Seabird harvest Changes in harvest Changes in protected areas Linguistic diversity

INDICATOR #18 INDICATOR #19 INDICATOR #20 INDICATOR #21 INDICATOR #22

References Abbreviations References

104 121