Adaptation Actions for a Changing Arctic: Perspectives from the Barents Area

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Chapter 10 · Synthesis

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decision-making. The chapter specifically highlights the need for continuous learning in ways that can lead to acceptable solutions across groups with conflicting interests. This has implications for how both knowledge production and decision- making are organized and formally governed. While some adaptive management strategies are already taking place, there is a need to systematically evaluate their performance in relation to learning outcomes and how they affect general adaptive capacity, or resilience.The need for systematic evaluation is also relevant to the use of scenario methodologies, which can be valuable for understanding uncertainty but which come with a caution that the scenario process can also embed existing power relations in ways that do not support the overarching policy goals of sustainable development. The chapter also highlights a need to move from reactive adaptation action to proactive strategies that take long- term goals and interacting challenges into account. A major conclusion is that there is a need to focus on supporting adaptive capacity that is relevant across a range of current and potential future challenges facing the region.There are no off-the-shelf or one-size-fits-all methods for conceptualizing, measuring and assessing adaptive capacity or resilience.There is thus a need for the research and policy communities to work together to develop new interactive tools that can be used by decision-makers at different levels of governance, from local communities to the international level. Last, but not least, the chapter highlights a need to create spaces for discussing adaptation action in relation to overarching normative goals and political processes. What do we want to achieve through adaptation actions? How do adaptation actions and the processes created to support them relate to other local, national and international goals and how can adaptation be mainstreamed into normal policy and planning processes? While research can contribute knowledge and insights, these questions may also concern conflicting perspectives, and further discussion needs to be incorporated within the relevant political processes. ACIA, 2005. Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 2005. Cambridge University Press. Adger,W.N., J.M. Pulhin, J. Barnett, Geoffrey D. Dabelko, Grete K Hovelsrud, Ü Oswald Spring and C.H. Vogel, 2014. Human security. In: Field,C.B.,V.R. Barros,D.J.Dokken,K.J.Mach,M.D. Mastrandrea, T.E. Bilir, M. Chatterjee, K.L. Ebi, Y.O. Estrada, R.C. Genova, B. Girma, E.S. Kissel, A.N. Levy, S. MacCracken, P.R. Mastrandrea and L.L.White (eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. pp. 755-791. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. AMAP, 2011. Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic (SWIPA): Climate Change and the Cryosphere. Arctic Monitoring andAssessment Programme (AMAP),Oslo,Norway. Arctic Council, 1996. Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council. 19 September 1996. Ottawa, Canada. References